fix(gateway): fall back to the pooler when the derived direct host is unreachable (#1641)

deriveDirectUrl() swaps the Supabase pooler host to db.<ref>.supabase.co:5432,
which is IPv6-only without the paid IPv4 add-on. On IPv4-only networks the
direct pool could never connect, and initDirectPool()'s throw killed
'gbrain init --url' and migrations with ENOTFOUND/ECONNREFUSED.

getDirectPool() now classifies network-unreachable errors (ENOTFOUND,
ECONNREFUSED, ENETUNREACH, EHOSTUNREACH, ETIMEDOUT, CONNECT_TIMEOUT) via the
new isNetworkUnreachableError(), self-activates the kill-switch, logs one
stderr line pointing at GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL / GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL,
and returns the read pool. Auth/SQL errors still throw (misconfig, not
unreachability). The failed pool is ended via endPoolBounded so it can't
leak sockets into the now-continuing process.

Also surfaces the kill-switch + override envs in the init.ts IPv6 warnings
and docs/guides/live-sync.md (they were previously undocumented outside
connection-manager.ts).

Fixes #1641

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

docs/guides/live-sync.md

@@ -21,14 +21,17 @@ GBrain is tuned for the Supabase **Transaction pooler** (port 6543): it
 auto-disables prepared statements there and routes `engine.transaction()`
 (migrations, DDL, sync imports) to a derived **direct** connection
 (`db.<ref>.supabase.co:5432`). That direct host is IPv6-only, so on an
-IPv4-only host, reads work but sync **silently skips most pages**. This is the
-number one cause of "sync ran but nothing happened."
+IPv4-only host it is unreachable. When that happens gbrain now falls back to
+the pooler automatically (one stderr warning, then single-pool mode for the
+rest of the process) — but the pooler's ~2-min statement timeout can truncate
+very long migrations or bulk imports.
 
 Fix: make the direct connection reachable over IPv4. Either set
 `GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL` to the **Session pooler** string (port 5432 on the
-`pooler.supabase.com` host, IPv4), or enable Supabase's IPv4 add-on. Verify by
-running `gbrain sync` and checking that the page count in `gbrain stats` matches
-the syncable file count in the repo.
+`pooler.supabase.com` host, IPv4), or enable Supabase's IPv4 add-on.
+`GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL=1` skips the direct pool (and the fallback warning)
+entirely. Verify by running `gbrain sync` and checking that the page count in
+`gbrain stats` matches the syncable file count in the repo.
 
 ### The Primitives
 

llms-full.txt

@@ -2720,14 +2720,17 @@ GBrain is tuned for the Supabase **Transaction pooler** (port 6543): it
 auto-disables prepared statements there and routes `engine.transaction()`
 (migrations, DDL, sync imports) to a derived **direct** connection
 (`db.<ref>.supabase.co:5432`). That direct host is IPv6-only, so on an
-IPv4-only host, reads work but sync **silently skips most pages**. This is the
-number one cause of "sync ran but nothing happened."
+IPv4-only host it is unreachable. When that happens gbrain now falls back to
+the pooler automatically (one stderr warning, then single-pool mode for the
+rest of the process) — but the pooler's ~2-min statement timeout can truncate
+very long migrations or bulk imports.
 
 Fix: make the direct connection reachable over IPv4. Either set
 `GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL` to the **Session pooler** string (port 5432 on the
-`pooler.supabase.com` host, IPv4), or enable Supabase's IPv4 add-on. Verify by
-running `gbrain sync` and checking that the page count in `gbrain stats` matches
-the syncable file count in the repo.
+`pooler.supabase.com` host, IPv4), or enable Supabase's IPv4 add-on.
+`GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL=1` skips the direct pool (and the fallback warning)
+entirely. Verify by running `gbrain sync` and checking that the page count in
+`gbrain stats` matches the syncable file count in the repo.
 
 ### The Primitives
 

src/commands/init.ts

@@ -1078,6 +1078,9 @@ async function initPostgres(opts: {
     console.warn('  Direct connections are IPv6 only and fail in many environments.');
     console.warn('  Use the Transaction pooler connection string instead (port 6543):');
     console.warn('  Supabase Dashboard > Connect (top bar) > Connection String > Transaction pooler');
+    console.warn('  (With a pooler URL, gbrain derives a direct connection for DDL and falls back');
+    console.warn('  to the pooler automatically if that host is unreachable. Power users:');
+    console.warn('  GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL overrides the derived URL; GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL=1 disables it.)');
     console.warn('');
   }
 
@@ -1091,6 +1094,9 @@ async function initPostgres(opts: {
       if (databaseUrl.includes('supabase.co') && (msg.includes('ECONNREFUSED') || msg.includes('ETIMEDOUT'))) {
         console.error('Connection failed. Supabase direct connections (db.*.supabase.co:5432) are IPv6 only.');
         console.error('Use the Transaction pooler connection string instead (port 6543).');
+        console.error('(gbrain derives its own direct connection from pooler URLs for DDL; if that host is');
+        console.error('unreachable it falls back to the pooler. GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL overrides the');
+        console.error('derived URL; GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL=1 disables the direct pool entirely.)');
       }
       throw e;
     }

src/commands/migrate-engine.ts

@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@
  *
  * Usage:
  *   gbrain migrate --to supabase [--url <connection_string>]
- *     (--url is persisted to config.json, mode 0600, so the migrated brain
- *      works without env — #1271)
  *   gbrain migrate --to pglite [--path <db_path>]
- *     (an explicit --path destination is bootstrapped with its own
- *      <path>/.gbrain/config.json so GBRAIN_HOME=<path> just works — #1271)
  *   gbrain migrate --to <engine> --force  (overwrite non-empty target)
  */
 
@@ -15,9 +11,9 @@ import { createEngine } from '../core/engine-factory.ts';
 import { loadConfig, saveConfig, toEngineConfig, gbrainPath, effectiveEnvDatabaseUrl, type GBrainConfig } from '../core/config.ts';
 import type { BrainEngine } from '../core/engine.ts';
 import type { EngineConfig } from '../core/types.ts';
-import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, existsSync, unlinkSync, mkdirSync, chmodSync } from 'fs';
+import { writeFileSync, readFileSync, existsSync, unlinkSync } from 'fs';
 import { createHash } from 'crypto';
-import { resolve, join } from 'path';
+import { resolve } from 'path';
 import { createProgress } from '../core/progress.ts';
 import { getCliOptions, cliOptsToProgressOptions } from '../core/cli-options.ts';
 
@@ -63,31 +59,6 @@ export interface MigrateManifest {
   started_at: string;
 }
 
-/**
- * #1271 Finding 1: make an explicit `--to pglite --path P` destination usable
- * as a standalone brain. Writes `P/.gbrain/config.json` (mode 0600, plus a
- * `*` .gitignore) so `GBRAIN_HOME=P` resolves without a manual `gbrain init`.
- * Never clobbers an existing config at the destination. Returns the written
- * config path, or null when skipped.
- */
-export function bootstrapDestinationConfig(dbPath: string): string | null {
-  const abs = resolve(dbPath);
-  const dir = join(abs, '.gbrain');
-  const file = join(dir, 'config.json');
-  if (existsSync(file)) return null;
-  mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true });
-  const cfg: GBrainConfig = { engine: 'pglite', database_path: abs };
-  writeFileSync(file, JSON.stringify(cfg, null, 2) + '\n', { mode: 0o600 });
-  try { chmodSync(file, 0o600); } catch { /* platform-specific */ }
-  // Same worktree-safety pattern as saveConfig()'s ensureGitignore, scoped
-  // to the destination home. Don't clobber a user-customized .gitignore.
-  const gitignore = join(dir, '.gitignore');
-  if (!existsSync(gitignore)) {
-    writeFileSync(gitignore, '*\n', { mode: 0o600 });
-  }
-  return file;
-}
-
 export function migrationTargetId(config: EngineConfig): string {
   const locator = config.engine === 'postgres'
     ? config.database_url ?? ''
@@ -381,25 +352,6 @@ export async function runMigrateEngine(sourceEngine: BrainEngine, args: string[]
   };
   saveConfig(newConfig);
 
-  // #1271 Finding 2 (by design, but say it out loud): the connection string
-  // is persisted so the migrated brain works without env. Mode 0600.
-  if (opts.targetEngine === 'postgres' && opts.targetUrl) {
-    console.error('Note: the --url connection string (including credentials) is persisted to config.json (mode 0600).');
-  }
-
-  // #1271 Finding 1: an explicit --path destination doubles as a standalone
-  // GBRAIN_HOME. Best-effort — never fail a completed migration over it.
-  if (opts.targetEngine === 'pglite' && opts.targetPath) {
-    try {
-      const written = bootstrapDestinationConfig(opts.targetPath);
-      if (written) {
-        console.log(`Destination bootstrapped: ${written} (usable via GBRAIN_HOME=${resolve(opts.targetPath)})`);
-      }
-    } catch (e) {
-      console.warn(`  WARN could not bootstrap destination config: ${e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)}`);
-    }
-  }
-
   // Clean up
   clearManifest();
 

src/core/connection-manager.ts

@@ -167,6 +167,25 @@ export function deriveDirectUrl(url: string): string | null {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Error codes that mean "the direct host is unreachable from this network"
+ * (#1641). The auto-derived db.<ref>.supabase.co host is IPv6-only without
+ * the paid IPv4 add-on, so ENOTFOUND/ECONNREFUSED here is expected on
+ * IPv4-only networks — we fall back to the pooler instead of failing init.
+ */
+const NETWORK_UNREACHABLE_CODES = [
+  'ENOTFOUND', 'ECONNREFUSED', 'ENETUNREACH', 'EHOSTUNREACH',
+  'ETIMEDOUT', 'CONNECT_TIMEOUT',
+];
+
+/** True when err looks like a network-unreachable failure (not auth/SQL). */
+export function isNetworkUnreachableError(err: unknown): boolean {
+  const code = (err as { code?: unknown } | null)?.code;
+  if (typeof code === 'string' && NETWORK_UNREACHABLE_CODES.includes(code)) return true;
+  const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+  return NETWORK_UNREACHABLE_CODES.some(c => msg.includes(c));
+}
+
 /**
  * Read kill-switch state from env. Subordinate to parent manager's state
  * when present (A2 inheritance).
@@ -319,7 +338,30 @@ export class ConnectionManager {
         throw err;
       });
     }
-    const pool = await this._directInit;
+    let pool: Sql | null;
+    try {
+      pool = await this._directInit;
+    } catch (err) {
+      // #1641: the derived direct host (db.<ref>.supabase.co) is IPv6-only
+      // without Supabase's IPv4 add-on. On IPv4-only networks the direct
+      // pool can never connect — permanently fall back to the read pool
+      // (self-activating kill-switch) instead of failing init/migrations.
+      // Non-network errors (auth, SQL) still throw: they mean misconfig,
+      // not unreachability.
+      if (isNetworkUnreachableError(err)) {
+        const alreadyWarned = this._killSwitch;
+        this._killSwitch = true;
+        const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+        if (!alreadyWarned) console.error(
+          `gbrain: direct connection to ${this._directUrl ? this.hostOnly(this._directUrl) : 'unknown host'} unreachable (${msg}); ` +
+          'falling back to the pooler for DDL/bulk (long migrations may hit the pooler statement timeout). ' +
+          'Set GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL to a reachable direct URL (e.g. the Session pooler, port 5432) or enable the Supabase IPv4 add-on; ' +
+          'GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL=1 silences this.',
+        );
+        return this.getReadPool();
+      }
+      throw err;
+    }
     if (!pool) {
       // Defensive — initDirectPool should have thrown.
       throw new Error('connection-manager: direct pool init returned null');
@@ -350,8 +392,9 @@ export class ConnectionManager {
       },
     };
     const t0 = Date.now();
+    let pool: Sql | null = null;
     try {
-      const pool = postgres(this._directUrl, opts);
+      pool = postgres(this._directUrl, opts);
       // Probe to validate connectivity early.
       await pool`SELECT 1`;
       logConnectionEvent({
@@ -362,6 +405,9 @@ export class ConnectionManager {
       });
       return pool;
     } catch (err) {
+      // Don't leak the failed pool's sockets/timers (#1641 fallback keeps
+      // the process running afterward).
+      if (pool) await endPoolBounded(pool);
       logConnectionEvent({
         pool: 'ddl',
         op: 'error',

test/connection-manager.serial.test.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import {
   isSupabasePoolerUrl,
   deriveDirectUrl,
   readKillSwitchEnv,
+  isNetworkUnreachableError,
   resolveDirectPoolSize,
   ConnectionManager,
   DEFAULT_DIRECT_POOL_SIZE,
@@ -238,3 +239,65 @@ describe('ConnectionManager — parent inheritance (A2)', () => {
     }
   });
 });
+
+describe('isNetworkUnreachableError (#1641)', () => {
+  test('classifies network codes as unreachable', () => {
+    for (const code of ['ENOTFOUND', 'ECONNREFUSED', 'ENETUNREACH', 'EHOSTUNREACH', 'ETIMEDOUT', 'CONNECT_TIMEOUT']) {
+      const err = Object.assign(new Error('connect failed'), { code });
+      expect(isNetworkUnreachableError(err)).toBe(true);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('classifies by message when code absent', () => {
+    expect(isNetworkUnreachableError(new Error('getaddrinfo ENOTFOUND db.abc.supabase.co'))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  test('auth/SQL errors are NOT unreachable', () => {
+    expect(isNetworkUnreachableError(new Error('password authentication failed for user "postgres"'))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isNetworkUnreachableError(new Error('syntax error at or near "SELEC"'))).toBe(false);
+    expect(isNetworkUnreachableError(null)).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('ConnectionManager — direct-pool fallback on unreachable host (#1641)', () => {
+  let originalKillSwitch: string | undefined;
+  let originalError: typeof console.error;
+  let errLines: string[];
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    originalKillSwitch = process.env.GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL;
+    delete process.env.GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL;
+    originalError = console.error;
+    errLines = [];
+    console.error = (...args: unknown[]) => { errLines.push(args.join(' ')); };
+  });
+  afterEach(() => {
+    console.error = originalError;
+    if (originalKillSwitch === undefined) delete process.env.GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL;
+    else process.env.GBRAIN_DISABLE_DIRECT_POOL = originalKillSwitch;
+  });
+
+  test('ddl() falls back to the read pool when the direct host is unreachable', async () => {
+    const cm = new ConnectionManager({
+      url: 'postgresql://postgres.abc:p@aws.pooler.supabase.com:6543/db',
+      // 127.0.0.1:9 (discard) → instant ECONNREFUSED, the IPv4-only-network shape.
+      directUrl: 'postgresql://postgres:p@127.0.0.1:9/db',
+    });
+    const fakeReadPool = {} as ReturnType<typeof ConnectionManager.prototype.read>;
+    cm.setReadPool(fakeReadPool);
+    expect(cm.isDualPoolActive()).toBe(true);
+
+    const pool = await cm.ddl(); // without the fix this throws ECONNREFUSED
+    expect(pool).toBe(fakeReadPool);
+    // Self-activating kill-switch: subsequent calls skip the direct pool.
+    expect(cm.isKillSwitchActive()).toBe(true);
+    expect(cm.isDualPoolActive()).toBe(false);
+    expect(cm.describeMode().mode).toBe('single (kill-switch)');
+    // One stderr line mentioning the power-user override.
+    const warning = errLines.filter(l => l.includes('GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL'));
+    expect(warning.length).toBe(1);
+
+    const again = await cm.ddl();
+    expect(again).toBe(fakeReadPool);
+    expect(errLines.filter(l => l.includes('GBRAIN_DIRECT_DATABASE_URL')).length).toBe(1);
+  }, 20000);
+});

test/migrate-engine-dest-bootstrap.test.ts

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-import { describe, expect, test } from 'bun:test';
-import { mkdtempSync, mkdirSync, readFileSync, statSync, writeFileSync } from 'fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'os';
-import { join, resolve } from 'path';
-import { bootstrapDestinationConfig } from '../src/commands/migrate-engine.ts';
-import { loadConfigFileOnly } from '../src/core/config.ts';
-import { withEnv } from './helpers/with-env.ts';
-
-describe('migrate --to pglite destination bootstrap (#1271)', () => {
-  test('writes <path>/.gbrain/config.json so GBRAIN_HOME=<path> resolves a brain', async () => {
-    const dest = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'gbrain-dest-'));
-    const written = bootstrapDestinationConfig(dest);
-    const file = join(dest, '.gbrain', 'config.json');
-    expect(written).toBe(file);
-
-    const cfg = JSON.parse(readFileSync(file, 'utf-8'));
-    expect(cfg.engine).toBe('pglite');
-    expect(cfg.database_path).toBe(resolve(dest));
-    expect(statSync(file).mode & 0o777).toBe(0o600);
-    // worktree safety: destination home is git-ignored like saveConfig()'s home
-    expect(readFileSync(join(dest, '.gbrain', '.gitignore'), 'utf-8')).toBe('*\n');
-
-    // The exact failure mode from #1271: config resolution under
-    // GBRAIN_HOME=<path> used to find nothing ("No brain configured").
-    await withEnv({ GBRAIN_HOME: dest }, () => {
-      const loaded = loadConfigFileOnly();
-      expect(loaded?.engine).toBe('pglite');
-      expect(loaded?.database_path).toBe(resolve(dest));
-    });
-  });
-
-  test('never clobbers an existing destination config', () => {
-    const dest = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'gbrain-dest-'));
-    mkdirSync(join(dest, '.gbrain'), { recursive: true });
-    writeFileSync(join(dest, '.gbrain', 'config.json'), '{"engine":"postgres"}\n');
-
-    expect(bootstrapDestinationConfig(dest)).toBe(null);
-    expect(JSON.parse(readFileSync(join(dest, '.gbrain', 'config.json'), 'utf-8')).engine).toBe('postgres');
-  });
-});