diff --git a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/InteractiveArea/Actions/ViewControls.vue b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/InteractiveArea/Actions/ViewControls.vue
index be44ebb59..dcad8879d 100644
--- a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/InteractiveArea/Actions/ViewControls.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/InteractiveArea/Actions/ViewControls.vue
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 <script lang="ts" setup>
-import { supportedControl as threeSupportedControl, useThreeViewControl } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui-three'
-import { supportedControl as l2dSupportedCtrl, useL2dViewControl } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui/stores/live2d'
+import { defaultControlConfig as threeCtrlConf, supportedControl as threeSupportedControl, useThreeViewControl } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui-three'
+import { defaultControlConfig as l2dCtrlConf, supportedControl as l2dSupportedCtrl, useL2dViewControl } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui/stores/live2d'
 import { useSettingsStageModel } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui/stores/settings/stage-model'
 import { Button } from '@proj-airi/ui'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
 
 const { stageModelRenderer } = storeToRefs(useSettingsStageModel())
-const { viewControlsEnabled: l2dViewCtrlEnabled, viewControlMode: l2dCtrlMode, reset: l2dReset } = useL2dViewControl()
-const { viewControlsEnabled: threePlainCtrlEnabled, viewControlMode: threeCtrlMode, reset: threeReset } = useThreeViewControl()
+const { viewControlsEnabled: l2dViewCtrlEnabled, viewControlMode: l2dCtrlMode, set: l2dSet } = useL2dViewControl()
+const { viewControlsEnabled: threeSliderCtrlEnabled, viewControlMode: threeCtrlMode, set: threeSet } = useThreeViewControl()
 const controlEnabled = computed(() => {
   if (stageModelRenderer.value === 'live2d')
-    return { enabled: l2dViewCtrlEnabled, mode: l2dCtrlMode, supported: l2dSupportedCtrl, reset: l2dReset }
+    return { enabled: l2dViewCtrlEnabled, mode: l2dCtrlMode, supported: l2dSupportedCtrl, conf: l2dCtrlConf, reset: l2dSet }
   if (stageModelRenderer.value === 'vrm')
-    return { enabled: threePlainCtrlEnabled, mode: threeCtrlMode, supported: threeSupportedControl, reset: threeReset }
+    return { enabled: threeSliderCtrlEnabled, mode: threeCtrlMode, supported: threeSupportedControl, conf: threeCtrlConf, reset: threeSet }
   return null
 })
 
@@ -26,39 +26,23 @@ function handleViewControlsToggle(targetMode: string) {
   }
   controlEnabled.value.mode.value = targetMode as any
 }
-
-// watch()
 </script>
 
 <template>
   <div w-full flex flex-1 items-center self-end justify-end gap-2>
     <Transition name="fade">
       <div v-if="controlEnabled?.enabled.value" w-full flex justify-between gap-2>
-        <Button variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'x'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('x')">
-          X
-        </Button>
-        <Button variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'y'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('y')">
-          Y
-        </Button>
-        <Button v-if="controlEnabled.supported.includes('z' as any)" variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'z'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('z')">
-          Z
-        </Button>
-        <Button v-if="controlEnabled.supported.includes('cameraFOV' as any)" variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'cameraFOV'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('cameraFOV')">
-          FOV
-        </Button>
-        <Button v-if="controlEnabled.supported.includes('scale' as any)" variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'scale'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('scale')">
-          Scale
-        </Button>
-        <Button v-if="controlEnabled.supported.includes('cameraDistance' as any)" variant="secondary-muted" :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === 'cameraDistance'" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle('cameraDistance')">
-          Dis
+        <Button
+          v-for="control in controlEnabled.supported" :key="control" variant="secondary-muted"
+          :toggled="controlEnabled.mode.value === control" w-full @click="handleViewControlsToggle(control)"
+        >
+          {{ (controlEnabled.conf as any)[control].buttonText }}
         </Button>
       </div>
     </Transition>
     <button
       w-fit flex items-center self-end justify-center justify-self-end rounded-xl p-2 backdrop-blur-md
-      border="2 solid neutral-100/60 dark:neutral-800/30"
-      bg="neutral-50/70 dark:neutral-800/70"
-      title="View"
+      border="2 solid neutral-100/60 dark:neutral-800/30" bg="neutral-50/70 dark:neutral-800/70" title="View"
       text="neutral-500 dark:neutral-400"
       @click="controlEnabled && (controlEnabled.enabled.value = !controlEnabled.enabled.value)"
     >
diff --git a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/MobileInteractiveArea.vue b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/MobileInteractiveArea.vue
index 4eefce42c..71598fd40 100644
--- a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/MobileInteractiveArea.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Layouts/MobileInteractiveArea.vue
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import { useTranscriptions } from '../../composables/use-transcriptions'
 import { BackgroundDialogPicker } from '../Backgrounds'
 
 const { isDark, toggleDark } = useTheme()
-const hearingDialogOpen = ref(false)
 const chatOrchestrator = useChatOrchestratorStore()
 const chatSession = useChatSessionStore()
 const chatStream = useChatStreamStore()
@@ -59,24 +58,25 @@ const { themeColorsHueDynamic } = storeToRefs(useSettings())
 const { viewControlsEnabled: l2dViewCtrlEnabled } = useL2dViewControl()
 const { viewControlsEnabled: threeViewCtrlEnabled } = useThreeViewControl()
 const settingsAudioDevice = useSettingsAudioDevice()
-const { enabled, selectedAudioInput, stream, audioInputs } = storeToRefs(settingsAudioDevice)
+const { enabled, stream } = storeToRefs(settingsAudioDevice)
 const { ingest, onAfterMessageComposed } = chatOrchestrator
 const { t } = useI18n()
 const { audioContext } = useAudioContext()
-const { startAnalyzer, stopAnalyzer, volumeLevel } = useAudioAnalyzer()
+const { startAnalyzer, stopAnalyzer } = useAudioAnalyzer()
 let analyzerSource: MediaStreamAudioSourceNode | undefined
 
 function isMobileDevice() {
   return /Mobi|Android|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)
 }
 
-const { isListening } = useTranscriptions(
+const { isListening, startStreamingTranscription, stopStreamingTranscription } = useTranscriptions(
   {
     messageInputRef: messageInput,
     sendMessage: handleSend,
     isStageTamagotchi,
   },
 )
+const toggleTranscription = () => isListening.value ? stopStreamingTranscription() : startStreamingTranscription()
 
 async function handleSubmit() {
   if (!isMobileDevice()) {
@@ -115,14 +115,14 @@ function teardownAnalyzer() {
   try {
     analyzerSource?.disconnect()
   }
-  catch {}
+  catch { }
   analyzerSource = undefined
   stopAnalyzer()
 }
 
 async function setupAnalyzer() {
   teardownAnalyzer()
-  if (!hearingDialogOpen.value || !enabled.value || !stream.value)
+  if (!enabled.value || !stream.value)
     return
   if (audioContext.state === 'suspended')
     await audioContext.resume()
@@ -137,12 +137,6 @@ watch([enabled, stream], () => {
   setupAnalyzer()
 }, { immediate: true })
 
-watch(hearingDialogOpen, (value) => {
-  if (value) {
-    settingsAudioDevice.askPermission()
-  }
-})
-
 onAfterMessageComposed(async () => {
 })
 
@@ -196,11 +190,9 @@ onMounted(() => {
           </button>
           <ChatSessionsDrawer v-model="sessionsDrawerOpen" />
           <HearingConfigDialog
-            v-model:show="hearingDialogOpen"
             v-model:enabled="enabled"
-            v-model:selected-audio-input="selectedAudioInput"
-            :audio-inputs="audioInputs"
-            :volume-level="volumeLevel"
+            :transcription="isListening"
+            :toggle-transcription="toggleTranscription"
             :granted="true"
           >
             <button
diff --git a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Widgets/ChatArea.vue b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Widgets/ChatArea.vue
index 5e450b879..ccdef0e27 100644
--- a/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Widgets/ChatArea.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-layouts/src/components/Widgets/ChatArea.vue
@@ -139,8 +139,7 @@ watch(hearingPopoverOpen, async (value) => {
 onAfterMessageComposed(async () => {
 })
 
-const { startAnalyzer, stopAnalyzer, volumeLevel } = useAudioAnalyzer()
-const normalizedVolume = computed(() => Math.min(1, Math.max(0, (volumeLevel.value ?? 0) / 100)))
+const { startAnalyzer, stopAnalyzer } = useAudioAnalyzer()
 let analyzerSource: MediaStreamAudioSourceNode | undefined
 
 function teardownAnalyzer() {
@@ -294,7 +293,6 @@ watch(sendMode, () => {
               v-model:auto-send="autoSendEnabled"
               :transcription="isListening"
               :granted="true"
-              :volume-level="normalizedVolume"
               @toggle-transcription="() => isListening ? stopStreamingTranscription() : startStreamingTranscription()"
             />
           </PopoverContent>
diff --git a/packages/stage-layouts/src/composables/use-transcriptions.ts b/packages/stage-layouts/src/composables/use-transcriptions.ts
index b22cf5c7c..1a94e602d 100644
--- a/packages/stage-layouts/src/composables/use-transcriptions.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-layouts/src/composables/use-transcriptions.ts
@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@ export function useTranscriptions(options: TranscriptionOptions) {
   const { messageInputRef: messageInput, sendMessage, isStageTamagotchi } = options
 
   const hearingStore = useHearingStore()
+  const audioDeviceSettingsStore = useSettingsAudioDevice()
   const hearingPipeline = useHearingSpeechInputPipeline()
   const { transcribeForMediaStream, stopStreamingTranscription } = hearingPipeline
   const { supportsStreamInput } = storeToRefs(hearingPipeline)
   const { configured: hearingConfigured, autoSendEnabled, autoSendDelay } = storeToRefs(hearingStore)
-  const { enabled: hearingEnabled, stream } = storeToRefs(useSettingsAudioDevice())
+  const { enabled: hearingEnabled, stream } = storeToRefs(audioDeviceSettingsStore)
   const providersStore = useProvidersStore()
-  const { askPermission, startStream } = useSettingsAudioDevice()
+  const { askPermission, startStream } = audioDeviceSettingsStore
 
   const isListening = ref(false)
 
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/package.json b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/package.json
index 120b1e8e1..835f42563 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/package.json
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/package.json
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/culori": "^4.0.1",
     "@types/three": "^0.184.0",
+    "vitest": "catalog:",
     "vue-tsc": "^3.2.6"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/components/ViewControls/SliderControls.vue b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/components/ViewControls/SliderControls.vue
index 5db802c4e..5a1979a02 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/components/ViewControls/SliderControls.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/components/ViewControls/SliderControls.vue
@@ -1,10 +1,31 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { RoundRange } from '@proj-airi/ui'
-import { onUnmounted } from 'vue'
+import { computed, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
 
-import { controlConfig, useL2dViewControl } from '../../stores'
+import { defaultControlConfig as conf, formatter, useL2dViewControl } from '../../stores'
 
-const { scale, position, viewControlsEnabled, viewControlMode } = useL2dViewControl()
+const { scale, position, viewControlsEnabled, viewControlMode, set: setValue } = useL2dViewControl()
+
+const controlledValue = computed({
+  get() {
+    switch (viewControlMode.value) {
+      case 'x':
+        return position.value.x
+      case 'y':
+        return position.value.y
+      case 'scale':
+        return scale.value
+      default: throw new Error(`Unexpected control key: ${viewControlMode.value}`)
+    }
+  },
+  set(value) {
+    setValue(viewControlMode.value, value)
+  },
+})
+
+const formattedValue = computed(() => {
+  return formatter[viewControlMode.value](controlledValue.value)
+})
 
 onUnmounted(() => {
   viewControlsEnabled.value = false
@@ -15,31 +36,13 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   <Transition name="fade-side-pops-in">
     <div v-if="viewControlsEnabled">
       <Transition name="fade-side-pops-in" mode="out-in">
-        <div v-if="viewControlMode === 'x'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
+        <div :key="viewControlMode" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
           <RoundRange
-            v-model="position.x" :min="controlConfig.x.min" :max="controlConfig.x.max" :step="controlConfig.x.step" handle-wheel
+            v-model="controlledValue" :min="conf[viewControlMode].min" :max="conf[viewControlMode].max" :step="conf[viewControlMode].step" handle-wheel
             data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
           />
           <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ controlConfig.x.format(position.x) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'y'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="position.y" :min="controlConfig.y.min" :max="controlConfig.y.max" :step="controlConfig.y.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ controlConfig.y.format(position.y) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'scale'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="scale" :min="controlConfig.scale.min" :max="controlConfig.scale.max" :step="controlConfig.scale.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ controlConfig.scale.format(scale) }}
+            {{ formattedValue }}
           </div>
         </div>
       </Transition>
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/live2d.ts b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/live2d.ts
index 6136b028c..09c8a1baf 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/live2d.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/live2d.ts
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ export const useLive2d = defineStore('live2d', () => {
   const currentMotion = useLocalStorageManualReset<{ group: string, index?: number }>('settings/live2d/current-motion', () => ({ group: 'Idle', index: 0 }))
   const availableMotions = useLocalStorageManualReset<{ motionName: string, motionIndex: number, fileName: string }[]>('settings/live2d/available-motions', () => [])
   const motionMap = useLocalStorageManualReset<Record<string, string>>('settings/live2d/motion-map', {})
-  const { position, scale, reset: resetViewControl } = useL2dViewControl()
+  const { position, scale, set: setViewControl } = useL2dViewControl()
 
   // Live2D model parameters
   const modelParameters = useLocalStorageManualReset<Record<string, number>>('settings/live2d/parameters', defaultModelParameters)
 
   function resetState() {
-    supportedControl.forEach(c => resetViewControl(c))
+    supportedControl.forEach(c => setViewControl(c))
     currentMotion.reset()
     availableMotions.reset()
     motionMap.reset()
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.test.ts b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bed31de5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { defaultControlConfig, formatter, supportedControl, useL2dViewControl } from './view-control'
+
+vi.mock('@vueuse/core', async () => {
+  const vue = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    useLocalStorage: vi.fn((_key, initialValue) => vue.ref(initialValue)),
+  }
+})
+
+describe('useL2dViewControl', () => {
+  let composable: ReturnType<typeof useL2dViewControl>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    composable = useL2dViewControl()
+  })
+
+  it('should initialize with defaults', () => {
+    expect(composable.viewControlsEnabled.value).toBe(false)
+    expect(composable.viewControlMode.value).toBe('scale')
+    expect(composable.position.value).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0 })
+    expect(composable.scale.value).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  describe('set function', () => {
+    it('should set model position x', () => {
+      composable.set('x', 5)
+      expect(composable.position.value.x).toBe(5)
+    })
+
+    it('should set scale', () => {
+      composable.set('scale', 2)
+      expect(composable.scale.value).toBe(2)
+    })
+
+    it('should clamp values to max', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(key => composable.set(key, Number.MAX_VALUE))
+      expect(composable.position.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.max)
+      expect(composable.position.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.max)
+      expect(composable.scale.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.scale.max)
+    })
+
+    it('should clamp values to min', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(key => composable.set(key, -Number.MAX_VALUE))
+      expect(composable.position.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.min)
+      expect(composable.position.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.min)
+      expect(composable.scale.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.scale.min)
+    })
+
+    it('should reset to default when value is omitted', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(k => composable.set(k, defaultControlConfig[k].default + 1))
+      supportedControl.forEach(k => composable.set(k))
+      expect(composable.position.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.default)
+      expect(composable.position.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.default)
+      expect(composable.scale.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.scale.default)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('formatter', () => {
+    it('should format percentages with 1 decimals', () => {
+      expect(formatter.x(123.44)).toBe('123.4%')
+      expect(formatter.x(123.56)).toBe('123.6%')
+      expect(formatter.y(11.22)).toBe('11.2%')
+    })
+
+    it('should format to percentage with 0 decimal', () => {
+      expect(formatter.scale(1.234)).toBe('123%')
+      expect(formatter.scale(1.236)).toBe('124%')
+      expect(formatter.scale(0.11)).toBe('11%')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.ts b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.ts
index 1f8ad67ee..448f12440 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/src/stores/view-control.ts
@@ -3,60 +3,68 @@ import { ref } from 'vue'
 
 export const supportedControl = ['x', 'y', 'scale'] as const
 type SupportedControl = typeof supportedControl[number]
-interface ControlConfig { min: number, max: number, step: number, default: number, format: (val: number) => string }
+interface ControlConfig { min: number, max: number, step: number, default: number, buttonText: string }
 
 /** show or hide the control element(slider) on stage */
 const viewControlsEnabled = ref(false)
 /** what value to control for the control element */
 const viewControlMode = ref<SupportedControl>('scale')
-/** model position relative to the center of the screen, in pixels */
+/** model position relative to the center of the screen, in percentages */
 const position = useLocalStorage<{ x: number, y: number }>('settings/live2d/position', { x: 0, y: 0 })
-/** model scaling. `1` means no scaling. */
+/** model scaling factor. `1` means no scaling. */
 const scale = useLocalStorage('settings/live2d/scale', 1)
 
 const formatPercentD1 = (val: number) => `${val.toFixed(1)}%`
 const formatToPercent = (val: number) => `${(val * 100).toFixed(0)}%`
 
-export const controlConfig: Record<SupportedControl, ControlConfig> = {
-  // TODO: calculate the min and max value dynamically according to window height/width, or allow user to set it
+export const defaultControlConfig: Record<SupportedControl, ControlConfig> = {
+  // TODO: allow user to set preferred default
   x: {
     min: -500,
     max: 500,
     step: 0.1,
     default: 0,
-    format: formatPercentD1,
+    buttonText: 'X',
   },
   y: {
     min: -500,
     max: 500,
     step: 0.1,
     default: 0,
-    format: formatPercentD1,
+    buttonText: 'Y',
   },
   scale: {
     min: 0.01,
     max: 3,
     step: 0.01,
     default: 1,
-    format: formatToPercent,
+    buttonText: 'Scale',
   },
 }
 
+export const formatter: Record<SupportedControl, (val: number) => string> = {
+  x: formatPercentD1,
+  y: formatPercentD1,
+  scale: formatToPercent,
+}
+const clampMinMax = (value: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(Math.max(value, min), max)
 export function useL2dViewControl() {
   /**
    * reset the given control to its default value.
    *  @param key the control to reset
+   *  @param value optional, will reset the value to its default if not provided
    */
-  function reset(key: SupportedControl) {
+  function set(key: SupportedControl, value?: number) {
+    const clamped = value !== undefined ? clampMinMax(value, defaultControlConfig[key].min, defaultControlConfig[key].max) : undefined
     switch (key) {
       case 'x':
-        position.value.x = controlConfig.x.default
+        position.value.x = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.x.default
         break
       case 'y':
-        position.value.y = controlConfig.y.default
+        position.value.y = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.y.default
         break
       case 'scale':
-        scale.value = controlConfig.scale.default
+        scale.value = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.scale.default
         break
     }
   }
@@ -67,7 +75,7 @@ export function useL2dViewControl() {
     /** model scaling in percentages. `100` means no scaling. */
     scale,
     /** reset the given control to its default value. */
-    reset,
+    set,
     /** show or hide the control element(slider) on stage */
     viewControlsEnabled,
     /** what value to control for the control element */
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-live2d/vitest.config.ts b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..647f39364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-live2d/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    include: ['src/**/*.test.ts'],
+  },
+})
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/package.json b/packages/stage-ui-three/package.json
index 07c0b4a5a..21f618bf3 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/package.json
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/package.json
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
   "devDependencies": {
     "@types/culori": "^4.0.1",
     "@types/three": "^0.184.0",
+    "vitest": "catalog:",
     "vue-tsc": "^3.2.6"
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/OrbitControls.vue b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/OrbitControls.vue
index 81a3e1b0c..c4fba995b 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/OrbitControls.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/OrbitControls.vue
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 /*
   * - Extend OrbitControls from three
   * - Define camera behavior
-  * - TODO: implement the control elements and replace the <slot/>
 */
 
 import type { Vec3 } from '../../stores/model-store'
@@ -17,23 +16,20 @@ import {
 } from 'three'
 import { OrbitControls } from 'three/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls.js'
 // From stage-ui-three package
-import { onMounted, onUnmounted, shallowRef, toRefs, watch } from 'vue'
+import { inject, onMounted, onUnmounted, shallowRef, toRefs, watch } from 'vue'
+
+import { useThreeCamera } from '../../stores/camera'
+import { useThreeViewControl } from '../../stores/view-control'
 
 /*
   * Props:
   * - model size
-  * - camera position
   * - camera target: camera looking at target
-  * - camera fov angle
-  * - camera distance: camera position - camera target
 */
 const props = defineProps<{
   controlEnable: boolean
   modelSize: Vec3
-  cameraPosition: Vec3
   cameraTarget: Vec3
-  cameraFOV: number
-  cameraDistance: number
 }>()
 /*
   * Emits:
@@ -51,10 +47,7 @@ const emit = defineEmits<{
 const {
   controlEnable,
   modelSize,
-  cameraPosition,
   cameraTarget,
-  cameraFOV,
-  cameraDistance,
 } = toRefs(props)
 
 extend({ OrbitControls })
@@ -64,6 +57,10 @@ const controls = shallowRef<OrbitControls>()
 const camera = shallowRef<PerspectiveCamera | null>(null)
 let disposeControlsChange: (() => void) | undefined
 
+const { cameraPosition, cameraFOV, cameraDistance } = useThreeCamera()
+const { viewControlsEnabled } = useThreeViewControl()
+const isPreviewStage = inject<boolean>('previewStage')
+
 // Initialisation on onMounted
 function registerInfoFlow() {
   /*
@@ -121,11 +118,11 @@ function registerInfoFlow() {
     camera.value.updateProjectionMatrix()
     controls.value.update()
   })
-  watch(controlEnable, (newEnable) => {
+  watch([controlEnable, viewControlsEnabled], (newEnable) => {
     if (!camera.value || !controls.value)
       return
-    controls.value.enableRotate = newEnable
-    controls.value.enableZoom = newEnable
+    controls.value.enableRotate = isPreviewStage || newEnable.every(Boolean)
+    controls.value.enableZoom = isPreviewStage || newEnable.every(Boolean)
   }, { immediate: true })
 
   /*
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/SliderControls.vue b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/SliderControls.vue
index 80f5d49af..e2872f4e4 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/SliderControls.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/Controls/SliderControls.vue
@@ -1,10 +1,40 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { RoundRange } from '@proj-airi/ui'
-import { onUnmounted } from 'vue'
+import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
+import { computed, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
 
-import { controlConfig as conf, useThreeViewControl } from '../../stores/view-control'
+import { useModelStore } from '../../stores/model-store'
+import { defaultControlConfig as conf, formatter, useThreeViewControl } from '../../stores/view-control'
 
-const { cameraDistance, cameraFOV, modelOffset, viewControlsEnabled, viewControlMode } = useThreeViewControl()
+const { cameraDistance, cameraFOV, modelOffset, viewControlsEnabled, viewControlMode, set: setValue } = useThreeViewControl()
+const { sceneMutationLocked } = storeToRefs(useModelStore())
+
+const controlledValue = computed({
+  get() {
+    switch (viewControlMode.value) {
+      case 'x':
+        return modelOffset.value.x
+      case 'y':
+        return modelOffset.value.y
+      case 'z':
+        return modelOffset.value.z
+      case 'cameraDistance':
+        return cameraDistance.value
+      case 'cameraFOV':
+        return cameraFOV.value
+      default: throw new Error(`Unexpected control key: ${viewControlMode.value}`)
+    }
+  },
+  set(value) {
+    if (sceneMutationLocked.value)
+      return
+    setValue(viewControlMode.value, value)
+  },
+})
+
+const formattedValue = computed(() => {
+  return formatter[viewControlMode.value](controlledValue.value)
+})
 
 onUnmounted(() => {
   viewControlsEnabled.value = false
@@ -13,56 +43,23 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
 
 <template>
   <Transition name="fade-side-pops-in">
-    <div v-if="viewControlsEnabled">
+    <fieldset v-if="viewControlsEnabled">
       <Transition name="fade-side-pops-in" mode="out-in">
-        <!-- TODO: generate the controls programmatically, while preserving the transition -->
-        <div v-if="viewControlMode === 'x'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
+        <div :key="viewControlMode" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
           <RoundRange
-            v-model="modelOffset.x" :min="conf.x.min" :max="conf.x.max" :step="conf.x.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
+            v-model="controlledValue" :min="conf[viewControlMode].min" :max="conf[viewControlMode].max"
+            :disabled="sceneMutationLocked" :step="conf[viewControlMode].step" handle-wheel data-direction="vertical"
+            h="50%" write-vertical-left
           />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ conf.x.format(modelOffset.x) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'y'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="modelOffset.y" :min="conf.y.min" :max="conf.y.max" :step="conf.y.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ conf.y.format(modelOffset.y) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'z'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="modelOffset.z" :min="conf.z.min" :max="conf.z.max" :step="conf.z.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ conf.z.format(modelOffset.z) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'cameraDistance'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="cameraDistance" :min="conf.cameraDistance.min" :max="conf.cameraDistance.max" :step="conf.cameraDistance.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ conf.cameraDistance.format(cameraDistance) }}
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        <div v-else-if="viewControlMode === 'cameraFOV'" relative class="[&_.round-range-tooltip]:hover:opacity-100">
-          <RoundRange
-            v-model="cameraFOV" :min="conf.cameraFOV.min" :max="conf.cameraFOV.max" :step="conf.cameraFOV.step" handle-wheel
-            data-direction="vertical" h="50%" write-vertical-left
-          />
-          <div class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0 transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out">
-            {{ conf.cameraFOV.format(cameraFOV) }}
+          <div
+            class="round-range-tooltip" top="50%" translate-y="[-50%]" absolute left-10 font-mono op-0
+            transition="all duration-200 ease-in-out"
+          >
+            {{ formattedValue }}
           </div>
         </div>
       </Transition>
-    </div>
+    </fieldset>
   </Transition>
 </template>
 
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/ThreeScene.vue b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/ThreeScene.vue
index a7f27d3f3..26a42c06e 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/ThreeScene.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/components/ThreeScene.vue
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ const {
   modelOffset,
   modelRotationY,
 
-  cameraFOV,
   cameraPosition,
   cameraDistance,
 
@@ -436,8 +435,7 @@ function onOrbitControlsReady() {
 const controlEnable = computed(() => {
   return controlsReady.value
     && modelPhase.value === 'ready'
-    && scenePhase.value === 'mounted'
-    && sceneTransactionDepth.value === 0
+    && !sceneMutationLocked.value
 })
 function onVRMModelLoadStart(reason: VrmLifecycleReason) {
   modelPhase.value = 'loading'
@@ -728,10 +726,7 @@ defineExpose({
         ref="controlsRef"
         :control-enable="controlEnable"
         :model-size="modelSize"
-        :camera-position="cameraPosition"
         :camera-target="modelOrigin"
-        :camera-f-o-v="cameraFOV"
-        :camera-distance="cameraDistance"
         @orbit-controls-camera-changed="onOrbitControlsCameraChanged"
         @orbit-controls-ready="onOrbitControlsReady"
       />
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/camera.ts b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/camera.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fb21a639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/camera.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { useLocalStorage } from '@vueuse/core'
+
+export const DEFAULT_CAMERA_FOV = 40
+export const DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE = 1
+export const DEFAULT_CAMERA_POSITION = { x: 0, y: 0, z: -1 }
+
+/** camera field of view, in degrees. */
+const cameraFOV = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/cameraFOV', DEFAULT_CAMERA_FOV)
+/**
+ * euclidean distance between the model center and the camera center, in meters.
+ * setting this value will move the camera along the axis.
+ */
+const cameraDistance = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/cameraDistance', DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE)
+/**
+ * Internal state of the camera. Users should not be able to set this directly, use `cameraDistance` instead.
+ */
+const cameraPosition = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/camera-position', { ...DEFAULT_CAMERA_POSITION })
+
+export function useThreeCamera() {
+  return {
+    cameraFOV,
+    cameraDistance,
+    cameraPosition,
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/model-store.ts b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/model-store.ts
index d90fb9867..aec0ba55b 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/model-store.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/model-store.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 
 import defaultSkyBoxSrc from '../components/Environment/assets/sky_linekotsi_23_HDRI.hdr?url'
 
+import { DEFAULT_CAMERA_POSITION, useThreeCamera } from './camera'
 import { supportedControl, useThreeViewControl } from './view-control'
 
 // TODO: this is for future type injection features
@@ -79,8 +80,8 @@ interface BroadcastChannelEventShouldUpdateView {
 
 const vrmViewUpdateRuntimeInstanceId = Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)
 let vrmViewUpdateMessageSequence = 0
-const { cameraFOV, cameraDistance, modelOffset, reset: resetViewControl } = useThreeViewControl()
-
+const { modelOffset, set: setViewControl } = useThreeViewControl()
+const { cameraDistance, cameraFOV, cameraPosition } = useThreeCamera()
 export const useModelStore = defineStore('modelStore', () => {
   const { post, data } = useBroadcastChannel<BroadcastChannelEvents, BroadcastChannelEvents>({ name: 'airi-stores-stage-ui-three-vrm' })
   const shouldUpdateViewHooks = ref(new Set<() => void>())
@@ -149,10 +150,7 @@ export const useModelStore = defineStore('modelStore', () => {
   const trackingMode = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/trackingMode', 'none' as 'camera' | 'mouse' | 'none')
 
   // === View state ===
-  // `cameraDistance` is the user-facing distance control. `cameraPosition` and
-  // `lookAtTarget` represent the current runtime pose and may be recalculated when
-  // a new model bootstrap is applied.
-  const cameraPosition = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/camera-position', { x: 0, y: 0, z: -1 })
+  /** current runtime pose. may be recalculated when a new model bootstrap is applied. */
   const lookAtTarget = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/lookAtTarget', { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 })
 
   function resetModelStore() {
@@ -164,8 +162,8 @@ export const useModelStore = defineStore('modelStore', () => {
     modelOrigin.value = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
     modelRotationY.value = 0
 
-    cameraPosition.value = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
-    supportedControl.forEach(c => resetViewControl(c))
+    cameraPosition.value = { ...DEFAULT_CAMERA_POSITION }
+    supportedControl.forEach(c => setViewControl(c))
 
     lookAtTarget.value = { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 }
     trackingMode.value = 'none'
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.test.ts b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..80d6c8a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { defaultControlConfig, formatter, supportedControl, useThreeViewControl } from './view-control'
+
+vi.mock('./camera', async () => {
+  const vue = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE: 20,
+    DEFAULT_CAMERA_FOV: 40,
+    useThreeCamera: vi.fn(() => ({
+      cameraDistance: vue.ref(20),
+      cameraFOV: vue.ref(40),
+    })),
+  }
+})
+
+vi.mock('@vueuse/core', async () => {
+  const vue = await import('vue')
+  return {
+    useLocalStorage: vi.fn((_key, initialValue) => vue.ref(initialValue)),
+  }
+})
+
+describe('useThreeViewControl', () => {
+  let composable: ReturnType<typeof useThreeViewControl>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    composable = useThreeViewControl()
+  })
+
+  it('should initialize with defaults', () => {
+    expect(composable.viewControlsEnabled.value).toBe(false)
+    expect(composable.viewControlMode.value).toBe('cameraDistance')
+    expect(composable.modelOffset.value).toEqual({ x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 })
+    expect(composable.cameraDistance.value).toBe(20)
+    expect(composable.cameraFOV.value).toBe(40)
+  })
+
+  describe('set function', () => {
+    it('should set model offset x', () => {
+      composable.set('x', 5)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.x).toBe(5)
+    })
+
+    it('should set camera distance', () => {
+      composable.set('cameraDistance', 8)
+      expect(composable.cameraDistance.value).toBe(8)
+    })
+
+    it('should set camera FOV', () => {
+      composable.set('cameraFOV', 60)
+      expect(composable.cameraFOV.value).toBe(60)
+    })
+
+    it('should clamp values to max', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(key => composable.set(key, Number.MAX_VALUE))
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.max)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.max)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.z).toBe(defaultControlConfig.z.max)
+      expect(composable.cameraDistance.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraDistance.max)
+      expect(composable.cameraFOV.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraFOV.max)
+    })
+
+    it('should clamp values to min', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(key => composable.set(key, -Number.MAX_VALUE))
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.min)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.min)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.z).toBe(defaultControlConfig.z.min)
+      expect(composable.cameraDistance.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraDistance.min)
+      expect(composable.cameraFOV.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraFOV.min)
+    })
+
+    it('should reset to default when value is omitted', () => {
+      supportedControl.forEach(k => composable.set(k, defaultControlConfig[k].default + 1))
+      supportedControl.forEach(k => composable.set(k))
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.x).toBe(defaultControlConfig.x.default)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.y).toBe(defaultControlConfig.y.default)
+      expect(composable.modelOffset.value.z).toBe(defaultControlConfig.z.default)
+      expect(composable.cameraDistance.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraDistance.default)
+      expect(composable.cameraFOV.value).toBe(defaultControlConfig.cameraFOV.default)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('formatter', () => {
+    it('should format meters with 2 decimals', () => {
+      expect(formatter.x(1.234)).toBe('1.23m')
+      expect(formatter.x(1.236)).toBe('1.24m')
+      expect(formatter.y(10)).toBe('10.00m')
+    })
+
+    it('should format camera FOV with 0 decimal', () => {
+      expect(formatter.cameraFOV(45.4)).toBe('45°')
+      expect(formatter.cameraFOV(45.5)).toBe('46°')
+      expect(formatter.cameraFOV(90)).toBe('90°')
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.ts b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.ts
index 4956336bc..c81f0fd39 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/src/stores/view-control.ts
@@ -1,85 +1,96 @@
 import { useLocalStorage } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { ref } from 'vue'
 
+import { DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE, DEFAULT_CAMERA_FOV, useThreeCamera } from './camera'
+
 export const supportedControl = ['x', 'y', 'z', 'cameraDistance', 'cameraFOV'] as const
-type SupportedControl = typeof supportedControl[number]
-interface ControlConfig { min: number, max: number, step: number, default: number, format: (val: number) => string }
+export type SupportedControl = typeof supportedControl[number]
+interface ControlConfig { min: number, max: number, step: number, default: number, buttonText: string }
 
-const formatDecimal2Meters = (val: number) => `${val.toFixed(2)}m`
+const formatMetersD2 = (val: number) => `${val.toFixed(2)}m`
 
-export const controlConfig: Record<SupportedControl, ControlConfig> = {
+export const defaultControlConfig: Record<SupportedControl, ControlConfig> = {
   // TODO: allow user to set the min/max value
   x: {
     min: -10,
     max: 10,
     step: 0.01,
     default: 0,
-    format: formatDecimal2Meters,
+    buttonText: 'X',
   },
   y: {
     min: -10,
     max: 10,
     step: 0.01,
     default: 0,
-    format: formatDecimal2Meters,
+    buttonText: 'Y',
   },
   z: {
     min: -10,
     max: 10,
     step: 0.01,
     default: 0,
-    format: formatDecimal2Meters,
+    buttonText: 'Z',
   },
   cameraDistance: {
     min: 0,
     max: 10,
     step: 0.01,
-    default: 1,
-    format: formatDecimal2Meters,
+    default: DEFAULT_CAMERA_DISTANCE,
+    buttonText: 'Dis',
   },
   cameraFOV: {
     min: 10,
     max: 120,
     step: 1,
-    default: 40,
-    format: (val: number) => `${val.toFixed(0)}°`,
+    default: DEFAULT_CAMERA_FOV,
+    buttonText: 'FOV',
   },
 }
 
-/** camera field of view, in degrees. */
-const cameraFOV = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/cameraFOV', 40)
-/**
- * euclidean distance between the model center and the camera center, in meters.
- * setting this value will move the camera along the axis.
- */
-const cameraDistance = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/cameraDistance', 1)
+export const formatter: Record<SupportedControl, (val: number) => string> = {
+  x: formatMetersD2,
+  y: formatMetersD2,
+  z: formatMetersD2,
+  cameraDistance: formatMetersD2,
+  cameraFOV: (val: number) => `${val.toFixed(0)}°`,
+}
+const clampMinMax = (value: number, min: number, max: number) => Math.min(Math.max(value, min), max)
+
+const { cameraDistance, cameraFOV } = useThreeCamera()
+const controlConfig = ref(defaultControlConfig)
 /** model position from the scene origin, in meters. */
-const modelOffset = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/modelOffset', { x: 0, y: 0, z: 0 })
-/** show or hide the control element(slider) on HUD. */
+const modelOffset = useLocalStorage('settings/stage-ui-three/modelOffset', { x: defaultControlConfig.x.default, y: defaultControlConfig.y.default, z: defaultControlConfig.z.default })
+/**
+ * show or hide the control element(slider) on HUD.
+ *  also enable/disable camera panning.
+ */
 const viewControlsEnabled = ref(false)
 /** what value to control for the control element */
 const viewControlMode = ref<SupportedControl>('cameraDistance')
 
 /**
- * reset the given control to its default value.
- *  @param key the control to reset
+ * set the given control to the given value.
+ *  @param key the control to set
+ *  @param value optional, will reset the value to its default if not provided
  */
-function reset(key: SupportedControl) {
+function set(key: SupportedControl, value?: number) {
+  const clamped = value !== undefined ? clampMinMax(value, defaultControlConfig[key].min, defaultControlConfig[key].max) : undefined
   switch (key) {
     case 'x':
-      modelOffset.value.x = controlConfig.x.default
+      modelOffset.value.x = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.x.default
       break
     case 'y':
-      modelOffset.value.y = controlConfig.y.default
+      modelOffset.value.y = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.y.default
       break
     case 'z':
-      modelOffset.value.z = controlConfig.z.default
+      modelOffset.value.z = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.z.default
       break
     case 'cameraDistance':
-      cameraDistance.value = controlConfig.cameraDistance.default
+      cameraDistance.value = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.cameraDistance.default
       break
     case 'cameraFOV':
-      cameraFOV.value = controlConfig.cameraFOV.default
+      cameraFOV.value = clamped ?? defaultControlConfig.cameraFOV.default
       break
   }
 }
@@ -96,8 +107,8 @@ export function useThreeViewControl() {
     viewControlsEnabled,
     /** what value to control for the control element */
     viewControlMode,
-
+    controlConfig,
     /** reset the given control to its default value. */
-    reset,
+    set,
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui-three/vitest.config.ts b/packages/stage-ui-three/vitest.config.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..647f39364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/stage-ui-three/vitest.config.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
+
+export default defineConfig({
+  test: {
+    include: ['src/**/*.test.ts'],
+  },
+})
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config-dialog.vue b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config-dialog.vue
index cf0200e69..46b1e8b68 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config-dialog.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config-dialog.vue
@@ -2,25 +2,32 @@
 import { useResizeObserver, useScreenSafeArea } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { DialogContent, DialogOverlay, DialogPortal, DialogRoot, DialogTitle, DialogTrigger, VisuallyHidden } from 'reka-ui'
 import { DrawerContent, DrawerHandle, DrawerOverlay, DrawerPortal, DrawerRoot, DrawerTrigger } from 'vaul-vue'
-import { onMounted } from 'vue'
+import { onMounted, watch } from 'vue'
 
 import HearingConfig from './hearing-config.vue'
 
+import { useAudioDevice } from '../../../../composables'
 import { useBreakpoints } from '../../../../composables/use-breakpoints'
 
 const props = defineProps<{
   overlayDim?: boolean
   overlayBlur?: boolean
   granted?: boolean
-  volumeLevel?: number
+  transcription?: boolean
+  toggleTranscription?: () => void
 }>()
 
 const showDialog = defineModel('show', { type: Boolean, default: false, required: false })
 
 const { isDesktop } = useBreakpoints()
+const { askPermission } = useAudioDevice()
 const screenSafeArea = useScreenSafeArea()
 
 useResizeObserver(document.documentElement, () => screenSafeArea.update())
+watch(showDialog, (show) => {
+  if (show)
+    askPermission()
+})
 onMounted(() => screenSafeArea.update())
 </script>
 
@@ -42,8 +49,8 @@ onMounted(() => screenSafeArea.update())
           <DialogTitle>Hearing Input</DialogTitle>
         </VisuallyHidden>
         <HearingConfig
-          :granted="props.granted"
-          :volume-level="props.volumeLevel"
+          :granted="props.granted" :transcription="props.transcription"
+          @toggle-transcription="() => toggleTranscription?.()"
         />
         <slot name="extra" />
       </DialogContent>
@@ -73,7 +80,8 @@ onMounted(() => screenSafeArea.update())
         />
         <HearingConfig
           :granted="props.granted"
-          :volume-level="props.volumeLevel"
+          :transcription="props.transcription"
+          @toggle-transcription="() => toggleTranscription?.()"
         />
         <slot name="extra" />
       </DrawerContent>
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config.vue b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config.vue
index 0a8004151..9d8a5f3de 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/dialogs/audio-input/hearing-config.vue
@@ -3,20 +3,21 @@ import { Button, Callout, FieldCombobox } from '@proj-airi/ui'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { computed } from 'vue'
 
+import { useAudioAnalyzer, useAudioDevice } from '../../../../composables'
 import { useSettingsAudioDevice } from '../../../../stores'
 
 const props = withDefaults(defineProps<{
-  granted?: boolean
-  volumeLevel?: number
+  granted?: boolean // permission status on OS level
   transcription?: boolean
 }>(), {
   granted: false,
-  volumeLevel: 0,
 })
 
 const emit = defineEmits(['toggleTranscription'])
-
-const { enabled, selectedAudioInput, audioInputs } = storeToRefs(useSettingsAudioDevice())
+const deviceStore = useSettingsAudioDevice()
+const { enabled, selectedAudioInput } = storeToRefs(deviceStore)
+const { audioInputs, permissionGranted, askPermission } = useAudioDevice()
+const { volumeLevel } = useAudioAnalyzer()
 
 const autoSend = defineModel<boolean>('autoSend')
 const ringEnabledClass = computed(() => enabled.value
@@ -27,8 +28,10 @@ const ringEnabledClass = computed(() => enabled.value
 function toggleHearingEnabled() {
   if (enabled.value)
     return enabled.value = false
-  if (!enabled.value && selectedAudioInput.value !== '')
-    enabled.value = true
+  if (selectedAudioInput.value !== '' && permissionGranted.value)
+    return enabled.value = true
+  if (!permissionGranted.value)
+    return askPermission().then(() => { enabled.value = permissionGranted.value })
 }
 </script>
 
@@ -40,17 +43,17 @@ function toggleHearingEnabled() {
         <!-- Rings (scale + opacity follow volume) -->
         <div
           class="absolute left-1/2 top-1/2 h-20 w-20 rounded-full transition-all duration-150 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"
-          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.35})`, opacity: String(0.25 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.25) }"
+          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.35})`, opacity: String(0.25 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.25) }"
           :class="ringEnabledClass"
         />
         <div
           class="absolute left-1/2 top-1/2 h-24 w-24 rounded-full transition-all duration-200 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"
-          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1.2 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.55})`, opacity: String(0.15 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.2) }"
+          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1.2 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.55})`, opacity: String(0.15 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.2) }"
           :class="enabled ? 'bg-primary-500/10 dark:bg-primary-600/15' : 'bg-neutral-300/10 dark:bg-neutral-700/10'"
         />
         <div
           class="absolute left-1/2 top-1/2 h-28 w-28 rounded-full transition-all duration-300 -translate-x-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"
-          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1.5 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.8})`, opacity: String(0.08 + (props.volumeLevel / 100) * 0.15) }"
+          :style="{ transform: `translate(-50%, -50%) scale(${1.5 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.8})`, opacity: String(0.08 + (volumeLevel / 100) * 0.15) }"
           :class="enabled ? 'bg-primary-500/5 dark:bg-primary-600/10' : 'bg-neutral-300/5 dark:bg-neutral-700/5'"
         />
 
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/settings/model-settings/preview-stage.vue b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/settings/model-settings/preview-stage.vue
index fd62c80ec..9fcdba336 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/settings/model-settings/preview-stage.vue
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/components/scenarios/settings/model-settings/preview-stage.vue
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { Live2DScene } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui-live2d'
 import { ThreeScene, useModelStore } from '@proj-airi/stage-ui-three'
 import { useMouse } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
-import { computed, ref, watch } from 'vue'
+import { computed, provide, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 
 import { useSettings } from '../../../../stores/settings'
 import {
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ const vrmSceneRef = ref<{ canvasElement: () => HTMLCanvasElement | undefined }>(
 const live2dComponentState = ref<'pending' | 'loading' | 'mounted'>('pending')
 const vrmPreviewStageInstanceId = `model-settings-preview-stage:${Math.random().toString(36).slice(2, 10)}`
 
+provide('previewStage', true)
+
 const {
   live2dDisableFocus,
   stageModelSelected,
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-analyzer.ts b/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-analyzer.ts
index 5e1ff8116..244279591 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-analyzer.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-analyzer.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 import { onUnmounted, ref } from 'vue'
 
+const amplification = 3 // Amplification factor for volume visualization
+
+const volumeLevel = ref(0) // 0-100
+const error = ref<string>()
+
 export function useAudioAnalyzer() {
   const analyzer = ref<AnalyserNode>()
   const dataArray = ref<Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>>()
@@ -7,11 +12,6 @@ export function useAudioAnalyzer() {
 
   const onAnalyzerUpdateHooks = ref<Array<(volumeLevel: number) => void | Promise<void>>>([])
 
-  const volumeLevel = ref(0) // 0-100
-  const error = ref<string>()
-
-  const amplification = 3 // Amplification factor for volume visualization
-
   function onAnalyzerUpdate(callback: (volumeLevel: number) => void | Promise<void>) {
     onAnalyzerUpdateHooks.value.push(callback)
     return () => {
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-device.ts b/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-device.ts
index d7674a704..f0c1f6eb5 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-device.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/composables/audio/audio-device.ts
@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@ import { useDevicesList, useUserMedia } from '@vueuse/core'
 import { computed, nextTick, ref, watch } from 'vue'
 
 export function useAudioDevice(requestPermission: boolean = false) {
-  const devices = useDevicesList({ constraints: { audio: true }, requestPermissions: requestPermission })
-  const audioInputs = computed(() => devices.audioInputs.value)
-  const selectedAudioInput = ref<string>(devices.audioInputs.value.find(device => device.deviceId === 'default')?.deviceId || '')
+  const { audioInputs, permissionGranted, ensurePermissions } = useDevicesList({ constraints: { audio: true }, requestPermissions: requestPermission })
+  const selectedAudioInput = ref<string>(audioInputs.value.find(device => device.deviceId === 'default')?.deviceId || '')
   const deviceConstraints = computed<MediaStreamConstraints>(() => ({
     audio: {
       deviceId: { exact: selectedAudioInput.value },
@@ -16,13 +15,13 @@ export function useAudioDevice(requestPermission: boolean = false) {
   const { stream, stop: stopStream, start: startStream } = useUserMedia({ constraints: deviceConstraints, enabled: false, autoSwitch: true })
 
   watch(audioInputs, () => {
-    if (!selectedAudioInput.value && audioInputs.value.length > 0) {
+    if (selectedAudioInput.value === '' && audioInputs.value.length > 0) {
       selectedAudioInput.value = audioInputs.value.find(input => input.deviceId === 'default')?.deviceId || audioInputs.value[0].deviceId
     }
   })
 
   function askPermission() {
-    return devices.ensurePermissions()
+    return ensurePermissions()
       .then(() => nextTick())
       .then(() => {
         if (audioInputs.value.length > 0 && !selectedAudioInput.value) {
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ export function useAudioDevice(requestPermission: boolean = false) {
     selectedAudioInput,
     stream,
     deviceConstraints,
+    permissionGranted,
 
     askPermission,
     startStream,
diff --git a/packages/stage-ui/src/stores/settings/audio-device.ts b/packages/stage-ui/src/stores/settings/audio-device.ts
index 31d6ec566..8ee31f1b9 100644
--- a/packages/stage-ui/src/stores/settings/audio-device.ts
+++ b/packages/stage-ui/src/stores/settings/audio-device.ts
@@ -4,17 +4,19 @@ import { watch } from 'vue'
 
 import { useAudioDevice } from '../../composables/audio'
 
+let microphonePermissionStatus: PermissionStatus
+
 export const useSettingsAudioDevice = defineStore('settings-audio-devices', () => {
   const { audioInputs, deviceConstraints, selectedAudioInput: selectedAudioInputNonPersist, startStream, stopStream, stream, askPermission } = useAudioDevice()
 
   const selectedAudioInputPersist = useLocalStorageManualReset<string>('settings/audio/input', selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value)
-  const selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist = useLocalStorageManualReset<boolean>('settings/audio/input/enabled', false)
+  const audioInputEnabled = useLocalStorageManualReset<boolean>('settings/audio/input/enabled', false)
 
   watch(selectedAudioInputPersist, (newValue) => {
     selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value = newValue
   })
 
-  watch(selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist, (val) => {
+  watch(audioInputEnabled, (val) => {
     if (val) {
       startStream()
     }
@@ -23,14 +25,27 @@ export const useSettingsAudioDevice = defineStore('settings-audio-devices', () =
     }
   })
 
+  // permissionGranted from vueuse does not track revocation yet.
+  // implement it manually.
+  try {
+    navigator?.permissions?.query({ name: 'microphone' }).then((status) => {
+      microphonePermissionStatus = status // existing one cleaned up by GC
+      status.onchange = () => {
+        if (status.state === 'denied' || status.state === 'prompt')
+          audioInputEnabled.value = false
+      }
+    })
+  }
+  catch (e) { console.info(`Unable to track microphone permission: ${e}`) }
+  void microphonePermissionStatus // suppress unused variable lint
   function initialize() {
     const hasSelectedInput = selectedAudioInputPersist.value
       && audioInputs.value.some(device => device.deviceId === selectedAudioInputPersist.value)
 
-    if (selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist.value && hasSelectedInput) {
+    if (audioInputEnabled.value && hasSelectedInput) {
       startStream()
     }
-    if (selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value && !selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist.value) {
+    if (selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value && !audioInputEnabled.value) {
       selectedAudioInputPersist.value = selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value
     }
   }
@@ -38,7 +53,7 @@ export const useSettingsAudioDevice = defineStore('settings-audio-devices', () =
   function resetState() {
     selectedAudioInputPersist.reset()
     selectedAudioInputNonPersist.value = ''
-    selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist.reset()
+    audioInputEnabled.reset()
     stopStream()
   }
 
@@ -46,7 +61,7 @@ export const useSettingsAudioDevice = defineStore('settings-audio-devices', () =
     audioInputs,
     deviceConstraints,
     selectedAudioInput: selectedAudioInputPersist,
-    enabled: selectedAudioInputEnabledPersist,
+    enabled: audioInputEnabled,
 
     stream,
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/form/range/round-range.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/form/range/round-range.vue
index 0794afb52..50285fe5a 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/form/range/round-range.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/form/range/round-range.vue
@@ -64,11 +64,13 @@ function handleInput(e: Event) {
 }
 
 function onWheelInput(ev: WheelEvent) {
-  let valueAfter = 0
+  if (ev.deltaY === 0)
+    return
+  let valueAfter = modelValue.value
   if (ev.deltaY < 0)
-    valueAfter = modelValue.value += props.step * (shiftPressed.value ? 50 : 1)
+    valueAfter += props.step * (shiftPressed.value ? 50 : 1)
   if (ev.deltaY > 0)
-    valueAfter = modelValue.value -= props.step * (shiftPressed.value ? 50 : 1)
+    valueAfter -= props.step * (shiftPressed.value ? 50 : 1)
   modelValue.value = Math.min(Math.max(valueAfter, props.min), props.max)
 }
 </script>
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index f16016804..3dca83df3 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -3661,6 +3661,9 @@ importers:
       '@types/three':
         specifier: ^0.184.0
         version: 0.184.0
+      vitest:
+        specifier: 'catalog:'
+        version: 4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@25.6.0)(@vitest/browser-playwright@4.1.4)(@vitest/coverage-v8@4.1.4)(jsdom@29.0.2(@noble/hashes@2.0.1)(canvas@3.2.3))(vite@8.0.8(@types/node@25.6.0)(esbuild@0.27.2)(jiti@2.6.1)(less@4.6.4)(terser@5.46.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.3))
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^3.2.6
         version: 3.2.6(typescript@5.9.3)
@@ -3725,6 +3728,9 @@ importers:
       '@types/three':
         specifier: ^0.184.0
         version: 0.184.0
+      vitest:
+        specifier: 'catalog:'
+        version: 4.1.4(@opentelemetry/api@1.9.1)(@types/node@25.6.0)(@vitest/browser-playwright@4.1.4)(@vitest/coverage-v8@4.1.4)(jsdom@29.0.2(@noble/hashes@2.0.1)(canvas@3.2.3))(vite@8.0.8(@types/node@25.6.0)(esbuild@0.27.2)(jiti@2.6.1)(less@4.6.4)(terser@5.46.1)(tsx@4.21.0)(yaml@2.8.3))
       vue-tsc:
         specifier: ^3.2.6
         version: 3.2.6(typescript@5.9.3)